SadCollar

Buzuluk

2005-04-04T02:42:00.000-07:00

City, Orenburg oblast (province), in the southern Ural Mountains of west-central Russia. The oblast is situated along the Samara River (a tributary of the Volga), near its confluence with the Buzuluk. Founded in 1736 as a Russian fortress, it was chartered in 1781. Industries include the manufacture of heavy metallurgical and agricultural machinery. The city has four technical

Ardagh Chalice

2005-04-03T18:01:00.000-07:00

Large, two-handled silver cup, decorated with gold, gilt bronze, and enamel, one of the best-known examples of Irish ecclesiastical metalwork. It was discovered in 1868, together with a small bronze cup and four brooches, in a potato field in Ardagh, County Limerick, Ire. The decoration consists mainly of panels of fine gold and silver filigree applied to the otherwise plain

Killanin (of Galway), Michael Morris, 3rd Baron

2005-04-02T00:26:00.000-08:00

British-born Irish journalist, film producer, author, and sports administrator (b. July 30, 1914, London, Eng.—d. April 25, 1999, Dublin, Ire.), served as president (1972–80) of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) during a turbulent period marked by boycotts and international disputes. He inherited the title of Baron Killanin when his uncle died in 1927, and he attended the Sorbonne (1932) in Paris and Magdalene

Argentina, Press and broadcasting

2005-04-01T11:02:00.000-08:00

The mass media in Argentina are well advanced among Latin American nations. In Buenos Aires the largest newspapers are published, and many have electronic editions on the Internet. The largest daily circulation is claimed by Clarín; two other large-circulation dailies, La nación and La prensa, founded in 1870 and 1869, respectively, have high reputations in the Spanish-speaking

United Nations

2005-03-31T22:03:00.000-08:00

On April 9 an Iraqi plane flew more than 100 religious pilgrims to Saudi Arabia, violating the air embargo imposed after the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Despite U.S. pressure, the Security Council failed to condemn the flight. On June 4 the Security Council agreed to permit Iraq to sell $2 billion in oil to pay for food, medicine, and other essential civilian items for a second six-month

Francescatti, Zino

2005-03-30T18:50:00.000-08:00

A child prodigy, he studied violin from age three. He made his debut at five, soloed successfully in Beethoven's Violin Concerto at 10, and was an

Flamsteed, John

2005-03-29T15:26:00.000-08:00

Poor health forced Flamsteed to leave school in 1662. He studied astronomy on his own and later (1670–74) continued his education at the University of Cambridge. In 1677 he became a member of the Royal Society. Ordained a clergyman in 1675, Flamsteed in

Critius And Nesiotes

2005-03-29T08:48:00.000-08:00

Greek sculptors known for their bronze figures of the tyrannicides Harmodius and Aristogiton, copies of the original bronzes executed by Antenor about 510 BC, which were taken by Xerxes I to Susa and subsequently lost. The copies were placed in the agora in Athens; the figure of the tyrannicides has been identified on Roman coins, vases, reliefs, and

Keyes, Alan

2005-03-26T10:45:00.000-08:00

In full Alan Lee Keyes American diplomat, radio commentator, and politician who was one of the most prominent African American conservatives in the late 20th and the early 21st century. He received a bachelor's degree (1972) and a doctorate (1979) in government studies from Harvard University. In 1978 he joined the U.S. State Department as a foreign service officer. In 1983 he was appointed

Mathematics And Physical Sciences, Organic Chemistry.

2005-03-26T07:53:00.000-08:00

French chemist Louis Pasteur, who established the basics of stereochemistry in the 1840s, tried unsuccessfully to influence biological and chemical processes toward a preference for molecules with a right-handed or a left-handed structure. For example, Pasteur rotated growing plants in an effort to change the handedness of their naturally produced chemical compounds,

Taft, Helen

2005-03-25T18:02:00.000-08:00

After her husband's single term was completed in 1913, Helen wrote her autobiography, Recollections of Full Years (1914), becoming the first president's wife to see her memoirs published in her lifetime. The Tafts moved from Washington to New Haven, Connecticut, where William taught at Yale Law School until his appointment in 1921 as chief justice of the United States. Helen died in 1943 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery beside her husband, who had died in 1930. The Tafts were the first presidential couple to be interred there.

Haberler, Gottfried Von

2005-03-24T04:16:00.000-08:00

Haberler studied economics at the University of Vienna under Friedrich von Wieser and Ludwig von Mises, receiving his doctorate in 1925. After further study in England and the United

Candytuft

2005-03-22T13:29:00.000-08:00

Any of 30 species of Eurasian plants of the genus Iberis, of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Most species are native to the Mediterranean region. Globe candytuft (I. umbellata), widely grown garden annual native to southern Europe, bears flat clusters of pink, violet, white, purple, or red flowers in late summer. The plants are 40 centimetres (16 inches) tall and have long, narrow

Felony And Misdemeanour

2005-03-21T18:05:00.000-08:00

U.S. jurisdictions generally distinguish between felonies and misdemeanours. A class of minor offenses that may be described as petty offenses or quasi-crimes is also recognized. These last offenses are created by local ordinance, and the requirement of trial

Celtic Literature, The 18th century: the first revival

2005-03-20T22:41:00.000-08:00

The mid-18th century was, after the 14th, the most fruitful period of Welsh literature. Goronwy Owen, inspired by English Augustanism, reintroduced and improved the strict metres of the cywydd and awdl (by this time a long poem written in a number of the classical cynghanedd metres). He also introduced a wide range of subject content, and thus founded a new classical school

Interior Design, Elements of design

2005-03-20T11:28:00.000-08:00

Of all the component elements that together form a completed interior, the single most important element is space. Spaces can be exhilarating or depressing, cheerful or serene, all depending upon the use the designer has made of the various elements that form the whole. Space is, in modern times, a costly commodity. The beautiful space of the Gothic cathedral achieved

Triggerfish

2005-03-19T19:50:00.000-08:00

Any of about 30 species of shallow-water marine fishes of the family Balistidae, found worldwide in tropical seas. Triggerfishes are rather deep-bodied, usually colourful fishes with large scales, small mouths, and high-set eyes. Their common name refers to the triggering mechanism in the first two of their three dorsal fin spines. The first spine can

Fibroma

2005-03-18T20:24:00.000-08:00

Any benign tumour of fibrous tissue. Specific fibromas include nonossifying fibroma, found in the large long bones; it is relatively common in older children and young adults. Fibromas can occur in many areas of the body and may remain symptomless throughout life.

Sannazzaro, Jacopo

2005-03-18T18:55:00.000-08:00

Sannazzaro became court poet of the house of Aragon at the age of 20. In 1501, when Frederic, last king of the dynasty, lost his throne, Sannazzaro accompanied him into exile

Van Praagh, Dame Peggy

2005-03-16T19:12:00.000-08:00

Throughout the 1930s van Praagh worked as a dancer and teacher. She joined Ballet Rambert in London in 1933 and maintained a long, fruitful association with choreographer Antony Tudor, in whose Jardin aux Lilas (1936) and Dark

Ear, Human

2005-03-16T15:27:00.000-08:00

A.J. Hudspeth, “How the Ear's Works Work,” Nature, 341(6241):397–404 (Oct. 5, 1989), gives an account of the role of hair cells in hearing. Further details are found in Lewis G. Tilney and Mary S. Tilney, “Actin Filaments, Stereocilia, and Hair Cells: How Cells Count and Measure,” Annual Review of Cell Biology, 8:257–274 (1992). As an accessible introduction to the clinical concerns of otology and audiology, John Ballantyne, M.C. Martin, and Antony Martin (eds.), Deafness, 5th ed. (1993), remains unsurpassed. For detailed, up-to-date treatments of other topics and problems considered in this section, the series Springer Handbook of Auditory Research is highly recommended, especially vol. 1, The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neuroanatomy, ed. by Douglas B. Webster, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay (1992), vol. 2, The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neurophysiology, ed. by Arthur N. Popper and Richard R. Fay (1992), vol. 7, Clinical Aspects of Hearing, ed. by Thomas R. Van de Water, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay (1996), and vol. 8, The Cochlea, ed. by Peter Dallos, Arthur N. Popper, and Richard R. Fay (1996). Information on the anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system and the disorders, peripheral and central, that can affect it may be found in the still-useful work by Ralph F. Naunton (ed.), The Vestibular System (1975).

Christian Vi

2005-03-16T13:19:00.000-08:00

Tolerably gifted, he became a diligent and conscientious ruler, choosing able administrators; but he was shy, reserved, and unprepossessing in appearance. Like his consort, Sophie Magdalene

Literature, Netherlandic.

2005-03-16T06:52:00.000-08:00

Literary critic and poet Kester Freriks, commenting on the nominees for the VSB prize for poetry for 1997, lamented, "Dutch poetry doesn't sing anymore." In the place of melody we find a degree of cerebral grind that makes many poems inaccessible to many readers. Freriks evaluated the work of the nominees Elisabeth Eybers with her bilingual Tydverdryf/Pastime, Gerrit Kouwenaar,

Eiselsberg, Anton, Freiherr Von

2005-03-15T15:12:00.000-08:00

Eiselsberg studied medicine at Vienna, Würzburg, Zürich, and Paris. In 1884 he received his M.D. from Vienna, where he was a pupil of and assistant

Natal

2005-03-15T07:37:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Rio Grande do Norte estado (“state”), northeastern Brazil, situated near the mouth of the Potengi River, or Rio Grande do Norte, on the Atlantic coast. Founded by the Portuguese in 1597 near the site of a fort (Tres Reis Magos, or “The Three Magi”), Natal was given town status in 1611. The state's principal commercial centre, it produces silk and cotton textiles, sugar, salt, hides,

Javorníky

2005-03-15T02:08:00.000-08:00

Mountains in central Czechoslovakia, on the western fringe of the Carpathian Mountains and forming part of the boundary between Moravia and Slovakia. The ridge of the Javorníky peaks—the highest, at 3,514 feet (1,071 m), is Velký Javorník, overlooking the village of Velké Karlovice—divides the Becva-Oder river systems to the north and west from the Váh River to the east. Climate

Korean Literature

2005-03-13T23:17:00.000-08:00

Although Korea has had its own language for several thousand years, it has had a writing system only since the mid-15th century, when Hangul

Guinea-bissau, Religions

2005-03-13T11:57:00.000-08:00

Most adherents of Islam belong to the Qadiriyah or Tijaniyah orders. Portugal supported the expansion of

Gwalchmai Ap Meilyr

2005-03-13T07:54:00.000-08:00

One of the earliest Welsh court poets (gogynfardd) at the court of Owain Gwynedd at Aberffraw, Anglesey. His extant poems include traditional eulogies to the Welsh princes Owain Gwynedd and Madog ap Maredudd and a “boasting poem,” Gorhoffedd, celebrating his prowess in war and with women. The son of Meilyr, the earliest of the court poets, Gwalchmai had at least two sons

Lithuania

2005-03-12T20:59:00.000-08:00

Energy—including its impact on foreign relations—was a top issue in Lithuania in 2002. In August a series of negotiations resulted in the Lithuanian energy giant, the Mazeikiu Nafta oil refinery, coming under the control of a Russian company, which raised economic and political concerns in the country. An American corporation, Williams International, controlled 27% of

Canada Balsam

2005-03-10T21:14:00.000-08:00

Canada balsam solidifies to a transparent mass and is an important cement, particularly

Arts, Islamic, Stringed instruments

2005-03-10T09:48:00.000-08:00

Chordophones, or stringed instruments, constitute the most important family. The favourite instrument of Islamic classical music is the 'ud, a short-necked lute having four or five strings and resembling the Western lute, which derived from the 'ud. In addition to holding musical supremacy, it was important in medieval theoretical and cosmological speculations. It

Malabo

2005-03-10T06:44:00.000-08:00

Formerly (until 1973) Santa Isabel, capital of Equatorial Guinea. It lies on the northern edge of the island of Bioko (or Fernando Po) on the rim of a sunken volcano. With an average temperature of 77° F (25° C) and an annual rainfall of 75 inches (1,900 mm), it has one of the more onerous climates in the Bight of Biafra (Gulf of Guinea). Malabo is the republic's commercial and financial centre. Its harbour can dock several ships, and

Amos

2005-03-10T03:30:00.000-08:00

The little that is known about Amos' life has been gleaned from his book, which was, in all likelihood, partly

Lewis, Ray Anthony

2005-03-09T23:34:00.000-08:00

One year

Pencil Drawing

2005-03-09T18:58:00.000-08:00

Drawing executed with an instrument composed of graphite enclosed in a wood casing and intended either as a sketch for a more elaborate work in another medium, an exercise in visual expression, or a finished work. The cylindrical graphite pencil, because of its usefulness in easily producing linear gray-black strokes, became the successor of the older, metallic

Lipton, Sir Thomas Johnstone, 1st Baronet

2005-03-09T18:09:00.000-08:00

Lipton, whose Irish parents ran a small grocery, immigrated to the United States in 1865. After five years at various jobs, he returned to Glasgow and opened a small provision shop, whose success led him to open other shops throughout the United Kingdom. To supply his retail

Hisham Ibn 'abd Al-malik

2005-03-09T17:33:00.000-08:00

Before his accession to the throne in 724, Hisham led a quiet life in the Umayyad court, holding no important public offices. He reigned during a time of relative calm. Hisham easily maintained internal security but was forced to mount a number

Schaepman, Hermanus Johannes Aloysius Maria

2005-03-07T19:10:00.000-08:00

Ordained a priest in 1867, Schaepman received a doctorate in church history (1869) and taught at a seminary for many years.

Sayyid Dynasty

2005-03-06T13:43:00.000-08:00

Rulers of India's Delhi sultanate (c. 1414–51) as successors of the Tughluq dynasty until displaced by the Afghan Lodis; this family claimed to be sayyids, or descendants of the Prophet Muhammad. The central authority of the Delhi sultanate had been fatally weakened by the invasion of Timur (Tamerlane) and his sack of Delhi in 1398. For the next 50 years, North India was virtually divided

Shi'ah

2005-03-06T10:42:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Shi'a , singular Shi'i the Muslims who constitute the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, distinguished from the majority Sunnites. The Arabic term Shi'ah also denotes the system or doctrine of such Muslims. See Shi'ite.

Maharashtra, Education

2005-03-06T05:49:00.000-08:00

Maharashtra's literacy rate—which consists of more than half of the state's adult population—exceeds the national average. The state provides free compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14. Vocational and multipurpose high schools also have grown in importance. The state operates two universities (including one for women) at Bombay and others at

Densmore, Frances

2005-03-05T17:14:00.000-08:00

After studying at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, Densmore conducted research in Indian music for the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1907. She subsequently worked

Carlos De Austria

2005-03-05T09:21:00.000-08:00

Don Carlos spent his first years at Alcalá de Henares with his

Milky Way Galaxy, Emission nebulas

2005-03-05T07:33:00.000-08:00

A conspicuous component of the Galaxy is the collection of large, bright, diffuse gaseous objects generally called nebulas. The brightest of these cloudlike objects are the emission nebulas, large complexes of interstellar gas and stars in which the gas exists in an ionized and excited state (with the electrons of the atoms excited to a higher than normal energy

Alicante

2005-03-04T13:03:00.000-08:00

The provincia's principal

Roman Catholicism, History Of, The rise of heresy

2005-03-03T06:31:00.000-08:00

Before the middle of the 12th century heresy on a large scale was unknown in the West. The early dissenters were often radical reformers such as the Italian canon Arnold of Brescia (d. 1155), an outspoken critic of clerical wealth and corruption. Then there appeared in northern Italy and southern France the sect, Eastern and Manichaean in origin, later known as the Cathari (the

Amos, Book Of

2005-03-02T21:54:00.000-08:00

The third of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets, collected in one book under the Jewish canon titled The Twelve. Amos, a Judaean prophet from the village of Tekoa, was active in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of Jeroboam II (c. 786–746 BC). According to 7:14, Amos was neither a prophet nor the son of a prophet; i.e., he was not a member of a professional

Rotimi, Ola

2005-03-02T17:00:00.000-08:00

Rotimi was born to an Ijaw mother and a Yoruba father, and cultural diversity was a frequent theme in his work. Educated in Nigeria in Port Harcourt and Lagos, he traveled to the United States in 1959 to study at Boston University. After receiving a B.A. in fine arts in 1963, he attended the Yale School

Hover Fly

2005-03-02T04:31:00.000-08:00

Also called Flower Fly, or Syrphid Fly, any member of the insect family Syrphidae (order Diptera), which numbers about 4,000 species. Their various common names refer to the behaviour of hovering around flowers. Hover flies, with their yellow markings, resemble wasps or bees but do not bite or sting. They are distinguished from other flies by a false (spurious) vein that closely parallels the fourth longitudinal

Shiga

2005-03-01T22:56:00.000-08:00

Landlocked ken (prefecture), southern Honshu, Japan, containing Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan. The lake and surrounding mountainous district form Lake Biwa Quasi-national Park. The prefecture's percentage of rice paddies is among the highest in Japan, and its Omi beef is well known throughout Japan. The textile industries at Otsu, the prefectural capital, Hikone,

France, History Of, The Grand Empire

2005-03-01T15:50:00.000-08:00

Napoleon now had a free hand to reorganize Europe and numerous relatives to install on the thrones of his satellite kingdoms. The result was known as the Grand Empire. Having annexed Tuscany, Piedmont, Genoa, and the Rhineland directly into France, Napoleon placed the Kingdom of Holland (which until 1806 was the Batavian Commonwealth) under his brother Louis, the Kingdom

Denison University

2005-03-01T14:07:00.000-08:00

Private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Granville, Ohio, U.S. It offers an undergraduate curriculum in the humanities, social sciences, sciences, and fine arts. Many students participate in off-campus study programs such as engineering in cooperation with Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and forestry in cooperation with Duke

The Rodent That Acts Like A Hippo

2005-02-28T21:06:00.000-08:00

Although the animals that live in rainforests on different continents can differ significantly, the environments they live in are very similar. These environments, therefore, exert similar pressures on the evolution of the animals living in each. As a result, unrelated species may be similar in many ways. This phenomenon is called convergent evolution, or convergence

Shamanism, Drums, sticks, and other objects

2005-02-27T17:39:00.000-08:00

An important device of the shaman is the drum, which always has only one membrane. It is usually oval but sometimes round. The outer side of the membrane, and the inside as well among some peoples, is decorated with drawings; e.g., the Turks, or Tatars, of Abakan mark the Upper and Lower World. The handle is usually in the shape of a cross (see photograph), but sometimes there is only

Cella

2005-02-27T03:30:00.000-08:00

Greek Naos, in Classical architecture, the body of a temple (as distinct from the portico) in which the image of the deity is housed. In early Greek and Roman architecture it was a simple room, usually rectangular, with the entrance at one end and with the side walls often being extended to form a porch. In larger temples, where the cella is open to the sky, a small temple was sometimes

Jacobsen, Arne

2005-02-27T00:34:00.000-08:00

Jacobsen received his diploma in 1928 from the Copenhagen Academy

T'aebaek Mountains

2005-02-26T09:03:00.000-08:00

Korean T'aebaek-sanmaek main ridge of the Korean Peninsula, stretching along the coast of the Sea of Japan (East Sea), north to Hwangnyong Mountain (4,160 feet [1,268 m]), North Korea, and continuing south as the Kyongsang Range to Tadae-p'o, a suburb of Pusan, South Korea. The T'aebaek range is 300 miles (500 km) long and averages 2,600– 3,300 feet (1,000 m) in height. Peaks include Kumgang (5,374 feet [1,638 m]), Sorak (5,604 feet [1,708 m]), Odae (5,128 feet [1,563 m]), and T'aebaek (5,121 feet [1,561 m]). The eastern

Abd El-krim

2005-02-25T04:32:00.000-08:00

In full Muhammad Ibn 'abd Al-karim Al-khattabi leader of a resistance movement against Spanish and French rule in North Africa and founder of the short-lived Republic of the Rif (1921–26). A skilled tactician and a capable organizer, he led a liberation movement that made him the hero of the Maghrib (northwest Africa). A precursor of the anticolonial struggle for independence, Abd el-Krim was defeated

Athabasca River

2005-02-24T13:32:00.000-08:00

River in northern Alberta, Canada, forming the southernmost part of the Mackenzie River system. From its source in the Columbia Icefield (Canadian Rocky Mountains) near the Continental Divide, the river flows through Jasper National Park, site of the spectacular Athabasca Falls, northeastward across Alberta to its mouth and delta on Lake Athabasca. Its 765-mi (1,231-km) course

Scandinavian Literature, Iceland

2005-02-24T08:01:00.000-08:00

Húss-Postilla (1718–20; “Sermons for the Home”), by Jón Vídalín, bishop of Skálholt, is the best example of early 18th-century prose. Among important later writers, Eggert Ólafsson carried out a comprehensive geographical field survey (published in Danish, 1772; partial Eng. trans.) of Iceland's country and its people. In his poetry he expressed 18th-century Rationalism combined with Romantic

Sibasa

2005-02-24T04:33:00.000-08:00

Village, Northern province, South Africa. It was once the capital of the nonindependent black state of Venda. A station was established there in 1872 by Carl Beuster of the Berlin Mission. The village is an industrial growth centre just northeast of Thohoyandou and about 4 miles (7 km) north of the Luvuvhu River. Located at an elevation of 2,428 feet (740 m) and named after a Venda chief, Tshivhase,

Truman, Bess

2005-02-23T23:52:00.000-08:00

Retiring to their home in Independence, the Trumans had less to do with politics than with their grandchildren and friends. After her death Bess was buried beside her husband at the Harry S. Truman Library and Museum in Independence. For his unpretentious wife, he had already specified her epitaph: First Lady of the U.S., 1945–1953.

Wylie, Elinor

2005-02-23T17:55:00.000-08:00

Elinor Hoyt grew up from age 12 in Washington, D.C., where her father served as assistant U.S. attorney general and later as solicitor general. In 1904 she graduated from

Powell, John Wesley

2005-02-22T08:05:00.000-08:00

After fighting in the American Civil War, Powell joined Illinois Wesleyan University as professor of geology. In 1867 he became a lecturer at Illinois Normal College

Roba'i

2005-02-22T06:06:00.000-08:00

The most famous example of this genre known in the Western world

Averescu, Alexandru

2005-02-21T04:03:00.000-08:00

After serving in the Romanian war of independence against Turkey (Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78), Averescu was sent to Italy for military training. As an army

Alloy

2005-02-20T07:33:00.000-08:00

Alloys are usually produced by melting the mixture of ingredients. The value of alloys was discovered in very ancient times; brass (copper and zinc) and bronze

Zagreb

2005-02-20T04:02:00.000-08:00

Zagreb's old town consists of two medieval settlements on the hill: Gric, the civil settlement, which was renamed Gradec (“Fortress”) when it was encircled by walls that were built to defend against the Mongols in

Norfolk, Thomas Of Brotherton, Earl Of

2005-02-20T01:28:00.000-08:00

He was created Earl of Norfolk in 1312 and was given vast lands in England, Wales, and Ireland; Edward II further distinguished him by creating him marshal of England. However, although he at first sided with the king, he was one of the first

Pluralism

2005-02-19T15:55:00.000-08:00

In political science, the view that in liberal democracies power is (or should be) dispersed among a variety of economic and ideological pressure groups and is not (or should not be) held by a single elite or group of elites. Pluralism assumes that diversity is beneficial to society and that autonomy should be enjoyed by disparate functional or cultural groups within

Literature, Swedish.

2005-02-19T14:15:00.000-08:00

A feeling of lost control and an urge to use language to beseech a present and a past that had gone out of hand served as a rough summary of preferred themes in Swedish literature in 2001. Per Olov Enquist's Lewis resa portrayed revivalist Lewi Pethrus, the founding father of the Swedish branch of the Pentecostal

Yakima River

2005-02-18T18:32:00.000-08:00

River, south-central Washington, U.S., rising in the Cascade Range, near Snoqualmie Pass. It flows southeastward about 200 miles (320 km) past Ellensburg and Yakima to join the Columbia River near Kennewick in Benton county. The Yakima and its tributaries irrigate about 460,000 acres (190,000 hectares) in the river valley. The Keechelus Dam, near the river's source, is a major unit of the U.S. Bureau

Rimu

2005-02-18T11:48:00.000-08:00

Also called New Zealand Red Pine, or Imou Pine (Dacrydium cupressinum), coniferous timber tree of the family Podocarpaceae, native to New Zealand. The rimu tree may attain a height of 45 metres (150 feet) or more. The wood is reddish brown to yellowish brown, with a distinctive figuring, or marking, of light and dark streaks. It is made into furniture and interior fittings and is used in general construction. The bark contains

Gálvez, José, Marqués (marquess) De La Sonora

2005-02-17T06:22:00.000-08:00

Spanish colonial administrator particularly noted for his work as inspector general (visitador general) in New Spain (Mexico), 1765–71. Among his important accomplishments were the reorganization of the tax system, the formation of a government tobacco monopoly, the reorganization of the defenses of the northern frontier of the Viceroyalty,

Philip

2005-02-17T04:36:00.000-08:00

Antipope in July 768. Temporal rulers coveted the papal throne following the death (767) of Pope St. Paul I, and Toto, duke of Nepi, had his brother Constantine II, a layman, elected pope. The Lombard king Desiderius then sent troops to Rome, killing Toto and deposing Constantine. Backed by some Romans, the Lombards, in 768, secretly set Philip up as pope. Philip had been

China, Neolithic Period

2005-02-16T14:18:00.000-08:00

The complex of developments in stone tool technology, food production and storage, and social organization that is often characterized as the “Neolithic Revolution” was in progress in China by at least the 6th millennium BC. Developments in the Chinese Neolithic were to establish some of the major cultural dimensions of the subsequent Bronze Age.

Biblical Literature, Arabic versions

2005-02-16T09:10:00.000-08:00

There is no reliable evidence of any pre-Islamic Arabic translation. Only when large Jewish and Christian communities found themselves under Muslim rule after the Arab conquests of the 7th century did the need for an Arabic vernacular Scripture arise. The first and most important was that of Sa'adia ben Joseph (892–942), made directly from Hebrew and written in Hebrew script,

Calarasi

2005-02-15T11:34:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Calarasi judet (county), southeastern Romania. It is located at the border with Bulgaria on the Borcea arm of the Danube and along Lake Calarasi, about 60 mi (100 km) east-southeast of Bucharest. Calarasi is first documented in 1593, during the reign of Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul). A river port and trading centre, its chief industries are food processing (particularly fish),

Hooft, Pieter Corneliszoon

2005-02-15T00:33:00.000-08:00

During three years spent in France and Italy, Hooft came completely under the spell of the new learning and art; the impact of that experience is shown by

Spanish Town

2005-02-14T19:47:00.000-08:00

City, southeastern central Jamaica. It is situated along the Rio Cobre, 10 miles (16 km) west of Kingston. Probably laid out by Diego Columbus (c. 1523), it was originally called Santiago de la Vega (St. James of the Plain) and was Jamaica's capital from 1692 until 1872. It is now a commercial and processing centre for produce of the irrigated Liguanea Plain (bananas, sugarcane, annatto, breadfruit,

Abruzzo, Ben L.

2005-02-14T15:29:00.000-08:00

Abruzzo graduated from the University of Illinois (Champaign-Urbana) in 1952 and served two years in the U.S. Air Force at Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, N.M. (1952–54). He settled in Albuquerque

Brazil, Minerals

2005-02-12T22:01:00.000-08:00

Brazil contains extremely rich mineral reserves that are only partly exploited, including iron ore, tin, copper, pyrochlore (from which ferroniobium is derived), and bauxite. There are also significant amounts of granite, manganese, asbestos, gold, gemstones, quartz, tantalum, and kaolin (china clay). Most industrial minerals are concentrated in Minas Gerais and

Li Dazhao

2005-02-12T11:18:00.000-08:00

After studying at Tientsin and at Waseda University in Tokyo, Li became an editor for Hsin ch'ing-nien (“New Youth”), the principal journal of the new Western-oriented literary and cultural movements. In 1918 he was appointed chief librarian of Peking University, and

Hachioji

2005-02-12T09:42:00.000-08:00

After

Insurance, Classes of benefits

2005-02-12T00:36:00.000-08:00

Four classes of benefits are provided by compulsory insurance, and, except for certain diseases, a right to them is acquired without any qualifying period of previous employment. First is a medical benefit, which includes all necessary treatment and the supply of artificial limbs. If its duration is limited, the maximum is likely to be one year. Second is a temporary

Arinos River

2005-02-11T03:54:00.000-08:00

Portuguese Rio Arinos, river, west-central Brazil. It rises in the Araporé Mountains northeast of Diamantino and flows west for a short distance and then north-northwest across the Mato Grosso Plateau to its junction with the Juruena River, which is a major headstream of the Tapajós River.

Clouded Leopard

2005-02-10T15:53:00.000-08:00

(Neofelis nebulosa), also called clouded tiger strikingly marked cat, very similar in colouring and coat pattern to the smaller, unrelated marbled cat (Felis marmorata). The clouded leopard is found in southeastern Asia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Taiwan, particularly in forests and other wooded regions; the population declined sharply in the latter half of the 20th century as a result of hunting

Auray

2005-02-10T05:32:00.000-08:00

Breton Alre town, Morbihan département, Bretagne région, northwestern France, on the Auray Estuary. It is situated 7.5 miles (12 km) from the Atlantic, southwest of Rennes. Its château (demolished 1558) was a residence of the dukes of Brittany. Outside its walls in 1364 the War of the Breton Succession was ended by the victory of Jean de Montfort and his English allies over Montfort's cousin, Charles

Vendôme

2005-02-10T01:16:00.000-08:00

Historic town and capital of an arrondissement in the département of Loir-et-Cher, Centre région, north-central France. It lies southwest of Paris and 20 miles (30 km) northwest of Blois. Vendôme stands on the Loir River, which there divides and intersects the town. To the south stands a hill on which are ruins of the 11th-century castle of the counts (later dukes) of Vendôme. The town

Kuan Han-ch'ing

2005-02-09T07:08:00.000-08:00

Kuan Han-ch'ing, probably a scholar, belonged to a writers' guild that specialized in writing plays for performing groups. Fourteen of his plays (from more than 60 with known titles) have been preserved. Several of them are unquestionably

Hallucination

2005-02-09T02:27:00.000-08:00

Traditional psychiatric sources define hallucinations as “perceptions without corresponding

Breckland

2005-02-08T16:33:00.000-08:00

The name Breckland was first applied in 1894 by the Norfolk naturalist W.G.

Insurance, Warranties

2005-02-08T10:30:00.000-08:00

Examples of expressed warranties are the FC&S warranty and the strike,

Ashur

2005-02-07T16:36:00.000-08:00

In Mesopotamian religion, city god of Ashur and national god of Assyria. In the beginning he was perhaps only a local deity of the city that shared his name. From about 1800 BC onward, however, there appear to have been strong tendencies to identify him with the Sumerian Enlil (Akkadian: Bel), while under the Assyrian king Sargon II (reigned 721–705 BC), there were tendencies to identify Ashur

Wyoming

2005-02-07T02:29:00.000-08:00

Constituent state of the United States of America. It is the ninth largest state, with an area of 97,809 square miles (253,326 square kilometres). It shares boundaries with six other Great Plains and Mountain states: South Dakota and Nebraska on the east, Colorado on the south, Utah on the southwest, Idaho on the west, and Montana on the northwest and north. Cheyenne, the state capital, is

Paraffin Hydrocarbon

2005-02-06T11:20:00.000-08:00

Also called >alkane any of the saturated hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, C being a carbon atom, H a hydrogen atom, and n an integer. The paraffins are major constituents of natural gas and petroleum. Paraffins containing fewer than 5 carbon atoms per molecule are usually gaseous at room temperature, those having 5 to 15 carbon atoms are usually liquids, and the straight-chain

Kernel

2005-02-06T04:44:00.000-08:00

(for symbol, see integration), both the kernel function, K(x, y), and g(x) are given, and f(x) is the function sought. As an example, in Abel's equation for the curve followed by a particle moving in a vertical plane under the influence of gravity, which takes the form of the integral

Cramer, Johann Baptist

2005-02-05T23:45:00.000-08:00

Cramer was taken to England in 1772 by his father. His piano teachers included the noted pianist and composer Muzio Clementi, under whom he developed the

Athenodorus Cananites

2005-02-05T18:20:00.000-08:00

Also called Athenodorus Son Of Sandon Greek Stoic philosopher who was the teacher of the younger Octavian, who later became the emperor Augustus. He is to be distinguished from Athenodorus Cordylion, also a Stoic, who became keeper of the library in Pergamum. Athenodorus acquired a lasting influence over Octavian and probably followed him to Rome in 44 BC, later returning